Fred Dretske has formulated a representational (or indirect realist ) account of perception that includes the following two features: Fred Dretske (1) Representational Vehicles/Contents Dretske first distinguishes between representational vehicle and representational contents as follows: "There are representational vehicles —the objects, events, or conditions that represent—and representational contents —the conditions or situations the vehicle represents as being so" (Dretske 68). (2) Qualia Secondly, Dretske appeals to qualia: "qualia are properties that physical objects, the ones we experience, normally have. They are not properties that experiences have" (Dretske 69). Michael Huemer In contrast to Dretske, Michael Huemer formulates and defends a version of direct realism in his book Skepticism and the Veil of Perception . Huemer gives the following rough characterization of direct realism: “Direct realism holds that in perception, we are ...